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ARC3 Survey
The ARC3 (Administrator-Researcher Campus Climate Collaborative) Survey is a campus climate survey developed to assess perpetration and victimization of sexual misconduct on college campuses in the United States. In addition to measuring rates of sexual assault on campus, the survey also gathers data on those who are engaging in sexual assault. It was developed by a group of sexual assault researchers and student affairs professionals in response to the White House Task Force to Protect Students from Sexual Assault.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Home - ARC3 )〕 The survey is free for college campuses to use.〔 The study has been used to assess both graduate and undergraduate students.
==Background==
College sexual assault is common. Estimates of the number of women assaulted on college campuses have shown that some 15 to 20 percent of college women report rape or attempted rape during their college career, and that over 50 percent report experiencing some form of unwanted sexual contact.〔Kirkpatrick, C., & Kanin, E. J. (1957). Male Aggression in Dating-Courtship Relations. American Journal of Sociology, 63 (2), 197-204 http://www.jstor.org/stable/2773906〕〔Koss, M. P., Gidycz, C. A., & Wisniewski, N. (1987). The scope of rape: Incidence and prevalence of sexual aggression and victimization in a national sample of higher education students. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 55, 162-170. http://www.soci270.carvajal.ca/documents/KossTheScopeofRape.pdf〕〔Humphrey JA, White JW. (2000). Women’s vulnerability to sexual assault from adolescence to young adulthood. Journal of Adolescent Health, 27:419-424. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1054139X00001683〕〔Lawyer, S., Resnick, H., Bakanic, V., Burkett, T., & Kilpatrick, D. (2010) Forcible, drug-facilitated, and incapacitated rape and sexual assault among undergraduate women. American College Health.58(5):453-60. doi: 10.1080/07448480903540515. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07448480903540515?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori%3Arid%3Acrossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub%3Dpubmed&#.VLU79MmK1Hs〕〔Parks, K. A., Hsieh, Y.-P., Taggart, C., & Parks…Bradizza, C. M. (2014). A Longitudinal Analysis of Drinking and Victimization in College Women: Is There a Reciprocal Relationship? Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 1-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0036283〕 Not only are survivors of sexual violence at an increased risk for anxiety, depression, PTSD, substance abuse, and various other physical health problems, but they are also at risk of poorer academic performance.〔Cortina, L. M., Swan, S., Fitzgerald, L. F., & Waldo, C. (1998). Sexual harassment and assault: Chilling the climate for women in academia. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 22(3), 419-441. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-6402.1998.tb00166.x http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1998.tb00166.x/pdf〕〔van Roosmalen, E., McDaniel, S. A., & FRSC (1999). Sexual Harassment in Academia: A Hazard to Women's Health, Women & Health, 28 (2), 33-54, DOI: 10.1300/J013v28n02_03 http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J013v28n02_03〕 Additionally, according to the ''AAUP Report on Sexual Assault,'' other academic consequences of sexual assault include: significant declines in academic achievement; impaired ability to carry a normal course load; increased frequency of missing classes; reduced capacity to contribute to the campus community; and an increased likelihood of dropping courses, leaving school, or transferring.〔AAUP Report on Campus Sexual Assault http://www.aaup.org/report/campus-sexual-assault-suggested-policies-and-procedures〕
Students in the United States may apply Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 in order to successfully sue universities for "indifference to known situations of harassment." In addition, Title IX is used to support initiatives to prevent sexual assault on college campuses in the United States. Because of various federal investigations, many universities turned to surveys and apps that were often expensive, spending "six figures on a product that promised to address the problem."
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